The Ancient Dance-Drama of Kerala: Kathakali

Origen and Development

Kerala's classical art traditions are renowned worldwide, standing as a source of pride for the region. Among these traditions, Kathakali holds a special place as an icon of Kerala's rich cultural heritage. Kathakali is celebrated for its deep aesthetic nuances, intricate performance techniques, and clearly defined training and presentation patterns. Kathakali is a dance-drama tradition originating from Kerala that showcases stylised acting techniques through detailed hand gestures and intricate facial expressions. The dance elements are equally prominent in Kathakali, that supported by a unique musical tradition that enhances its expressive communication. Each aspect of Kathakali-dance, expression, costume, and music-is distinct, and contribute to its highly stylised presentation, which demands extensive training to master. In Malayalam, "Katha" means story, and "Kali" means play, so the term interprets as a play or storytelling art. However, Kathakali is much more than mere storytelling, as a profound and elaborate art form.

Kathakali is believed to have evolved in Kerala in the 17th century. Its precursor, Ramanattam, was created by the King of Kottarakkara, a region in South Kerala, to present the Ramayana (Hindu epic stories) as stylised drama pattern. There are differing historical opinions regarding the origins of Ramanattam: some suggest it was inspired by Krishnanattam, a dance drama depicting the stories of Krishna that patronised by the Samoothiri/Zamorins royal family in North Kerala. Conversely, some researchers argue that Ramanattam predates Krishnanattam. Regardless, Kathakali finds its roots in the Ramayana-based Ramanattam, which was initially performed in royal courts and later refined into the highly codified art form known as Kathakali.

The further development of Kathakali is linked to the royal family of Kottayam/Vettathunadu, a region in old Malabar near present-day Kannur. The King of Kottayam, Kottayathu Thampuran, composed four major works for Kathakali: Kirmeeravadham, Bakavadham, Nivathakavacha Kalakeyavadham, and Kalyanasougandhikam. These works, based on stories from the Mahabharata (another Hindu epic) known as 'Kottayam Kathakali' on which Kathakali finds its foundation in choreography, text and performance system. 

In the 18th century, Kathakali was further refined by Kaplingadu Narayanan Namboothiri, an aesthete who contributed significantly to its development, which style is later renowned as Kaplingadan style of Kathakali. The art form began to flourish again in South and Central Kerala, with regional rulers, royal families, and Namboothiri families (Mana) patronising Kathakali by organising performances and establishing training centres. A pivotal figure in the 20th century- Pattikamthodi Ravunni Menon, played a crucial role in codifying Kathakali's scattered systems. Olappamanna Mana (a Namboothiri - Kerala Brahmin family) in the Village Vellinezhi played a major role in promoting Kathakali training. The style that follows a codified system in presenting both dance and dramatic aspects of kathakali that was designed by Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon and later flourished through his disciples is known as 'Kalluvazhi chitta (style)' of Kathakali. The continuous evolution of Kathakali found a complete shelter and refinement with the Kerala Kalamandalam - a prestigious institution for art and culture. 

Performance and Techniques

The text of a Kathakali play is known as 'Attakatha', where 'attam' means dance/play and 'katha' means story. The intrinsic use of the eyes, strong and rhythmic footwork, and unique body movements are distinctive features of Kathakali. Female characters perform a softer version of the dance, yet follow similar expressive techniques.

The music system of Kathakali incorporates indigenous Kerala rhythm patterns, with songs sung in the traditional 'sopanam style, also known as 'Abhinaya Sangeetham'- meaning music for acting. The main percussion instruments used are the Chenda, Maddalam, Chengila (a circular brass instrument played with a wooden stick), and Ilathalam (cymbals). For special dramatic effects, instruments like the Edaykka, additional Chendas, and the Shankh (conch) are used. Two singers stand behind the dancers- the main singer, called 'Ponnani', and the subordinate singer, who repeats the verses, called 'Shinkidi/Shankidi' Traditionally, Kathakali was performed as an overnight play, with some stories presented over several nights in a series. The performance would be announced with a special percussion segment known as Kelikottu in the evening. Today, Kathakali is often performed for a few hours in special venues, including proscenium stages and large halls.

Training in Kathakali follows a codified, strict, and disciplined system, requiring several years before an artist can make their debut appearance on stage. Kathakali incorporates influences from other art forms, such as Kalaripayattu and Koodiyattam, borrowing bodily movements from the former and gesture and expression techniques from the latter. Initially, Kathakali was performed exclusively by male actors, but in recent times, female artists have also taken on roles at all levels of Kathakali performance. 

 Themes and Stories

Kathakali performances are typically based on the ancient Indian epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana, and other Puranic literature. These stories of gods, heroes, demons, and moral dilemmas are brought to life through symbolic gestures, vivid expressions, and powerful choreography.

The most common themes revolve around the battle between good and evil, heroism, and the triumph of virtue. Epic battles, royal intrigues, and divine interventions are commonly portrayed, with larger-than-life characters captivating the audience.

Some famous Kathakali plays include:

Duryodhana Vadham (The Killing of Duryodhana)

Kalyanasougandhikam (The Story of Bhima and the Golden Flower)

Nalacharitham (The Story of Nala)

These plays can be short or long – sometimes stretching over several hours or even through the night in traditional settings.

Training and Dedication

Kathakali performers undergo years of rigorous training to master this demanding art form. It requires not only the physical agility of a dancer but also the expressive skills of an actor and the stamina of a martial artist. The training typically begins at a youngKathakali age, often in Kalari (traditional schools), where students learn to control their body and facial muscles to perform the complex movements and expressions.

A unique aspect of Kathakali training is the emphasis on Kalaripayattu, a traditional martial art of Kerala. The agility, strength, and flexibility developed through Kalaripayattu play a key role in helping Kathakali performers execute challenging movements and maintain balance during their performances.

Global Recognition and Preservation

Kathakali has traveled far beyond the borders of Kerala and India, earning international recognition for its rich artistic and cultural value. Over the past few decades, Kathakali troupes have performed worldwide, drawing global audiences fascinated by its vibrant visuals, ancient storytelling, and intricate artistry.

Various cultural organizations and institutions are working tirelessly to preserve this traditional art form, ensuring that it remains relevant in a rapidly modernizing world. Schools like the Kerala Kalamandalam and numerous private institutions are dedicated to training future generations of Kathakali artists while adapting to contemporary sensibilities.

        Kathakali is not just a dance; it’s a visual feast and a deep dive into India's spiritual and mythological history. Its vibrant colors, energetic performances, and intense emotional expressions make it a truly unforgettable experience. Whether you're a lover of the arts or someone seeking to connect with India’s rich cultural heritage, witnessing a Kathakali performance is a journey into an ancient, mesmerizing world of drama and beauty.

Its timeless appeal continues to captivate audiences, offering a glimpse into the profound storytelling traditions of Kerala, where mythology, devotion, and artistry seamlessly merge into one unforgettable spectacle.

 Wooden Kathakali Idols: Bringing the Spirit of Kerala into Your Home

 

At Grameen Craft, we celebrate Kerala's rich cultural heritage through our exquisite range of handicrafts, and one of our most unique offerings is the Wooden Kathakali Idol. These beautifully crafted idols are not just decorative pieces, but they also embody the vibrant spirit of Kerala’s traditional dance form, Kathakali.

The Essence of Kathakali in Wood

Kathakali, renowned for its dramatic expressions, colorful costumes, and intense storytelling, has been an integral part of Kerala’s culture for centuries. Our wooden Kathakali idols capture the essence of this ancient art form, preserving its grandeur in a tangible, timeless piece. These idols are meticulously handcrafted by skilled artisans, showcasing intricate details that reflect the rich craftsmanship of Kerala.

The wooden Kathakali idols depict the dancers adorned in their iconic headgear and traditional makeup, frozen in mid-performance, exuding the same energy and grace seen on stage. Whether you are a lover of Kathakali or someone looking to add a touch of Kerala to your space, these idols make for a stunning addition to any collection.

Craftsmanship at Its Finest

Each Kathakali idol at Grameen Craft is handcrafted using high-quality wood sourced sustainably, ensuring that every piece is eco-friendly and long-lasting. Our artisans, with their deep knowledge of the art form, pay close attention to every detail—from the delicate facial expressions to the elaborate headgear, replicating the dancers’ poses with precision.

The result is a finely crafted idol that not only represents Kathakali but also stands as a tribute to Kerala’s artisanal heritage.

A Unique Souvenir and Gift

Whether you’re looking for a souvenir from Kerala or a unique gift for a loved one, these wooden Kathakali idols are a perfect choice. Their cultural significance, combined with the beauty of handcrafted artistry, makes them a meaningful keepsake. They add a touch of tradition and elegance to any home or office décor, acting as a constant reminder of the beauty of Indian classical arts.

At Grameen Craft, we offer these wooden Kathakali idols in various sizes, making them suitable for small spaces or grand displays. Each piece carries the legacy of Kathakali, beautifully intertwined with the mastery of Kerala’s craftsmen.

Why Choose Grameen Craft’s Wooden Kathakali Idols?

Authenticity: Our idols are crafted by local artisans, preserving traditional techniques and artistry.

Sustainability: We use eco-friendly materials, ensuring that our products are both beautiful and earth-conscious.

Cultural Heritage: These idols are more than just decorative items—they are a symbol of Kerala’s rich cultural heritage.

Perfect for Gifting: With their cultural significance and artistic appeal, these wooden Kathakali idols make thoughtful and unique gifts.